Linux Commands

Well, today I bring basic Linux commands, so they can be managed and directed with this great OS, and above all a great way to manage Back Track, through the terminal can handle all our OS and it is also very necessary Learningthese commands 

More Commands

ls

list: list. It shows the contents of the folder you indicate later. Eg. If you want to show us what's in / etc:

# Ls / etc

If we do nothing interpret what we see is the contents of the folder where we are today:

# Ls

To show all files and folders, including hidden:

# Ls-a

To display the files and folders along with the rights you have, what occupies, etc:

# Ls-l

If we wanted to display the files in the same way as before, but also showing hidden:

# Ls-la

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CD

change directory: change directory. We can use it with absolute or relative paths. In the absolute we indicate all the way from the root (/). For example, wherever we are, if we write in console ...

# Cd / etc / apt ... will lead us to that folder directly.

# Cd / ... send us to the root of the file system.

Relative paths are relative to something, and that something is the folder where we are today. For example if we are in / home, and we go to a temporary folder called within our personal folder.

# Cd tu_carpeta / temporal

We avoided the / initial home because if not introduce draws on the directory where you are.

# Cd

What this does is it takes you directly to your personal folder and wherever we are, it's really very practical, very simple and that not everyone knows.

-------------------------------------------------- -------------- mkdir

make directory: make directory. Create a folder with the name that you indicate. We may use absolute and relative paths. We can tell you the whole path to the directory preceding it we want to create, or if we are in the folder that will contain just enough to put the name:

# Mkdir / home / your_account / cucumber

If you are in / home / your_account ...

# Mkdir cucumber

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rm

remove: delete. Deletes the file or folder that you indicate. As before you can enter the full path and file name. This from now we will ignore, I think it has become clear with the two previous commands.

To delete a file: # rm filename

To delete an empty folder: # rm foldername

To delete a folder containing files and / or other folders:

# Rm-r foldername

Other options: "-f" does not ask for confirmation to delete or "-v" shows what deleted.

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cp

copy: copy. Copy the file indicated where you say. Here we can also play with the routes, both for the source file, as in the destination. You can also put the name you want to give back. For example, if we were in / etc/X11 and would like to make a backup of xorg.conf in our personal folder:

# Cp xorg.conf / home / tu_carpeta / xorg.conf.backup

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mv

move: move. Same as above, only instead of making a copy, move directly the file with the name that you indicate, may be other than the original:

# Mv / etc / pepino.html / home / tu_carpeta / ese_pepino.html

Another very practical use that can be given is to rename a file. Simply enter the new name in the second argument with the same path of the first. In this example we assume that we are in the folder that contains:

# Mv pepino.html ese_pepino.html

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find

find: find. Find the file or folder that you specify:

# Find /-name cucumber

The above command would look everywhere folders and files called cucumber. If we were sure that is located in / var for example, I indicaríamos:

# Find / var-name cucumber

If we're not sure of the name can indicate it with wildcards. Suppose we seek name contains "pepi" in the same folder as before:

# Find / var-name * pepi *

You have other options. For example we can tell you find files / folders over 1500 KB:

# Find /-size +1500

Or the files / folders containing the name "pepi" and have less than 1000 KB:

# Find /-name *-size cucumbers * -1000

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clear

clear: clear. Clears the screen / console.

# Clear

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ps

process status: status of the processes. It shows us what we want to know about the processes running on your system. Each process is identified by a number called PID. If we place ...

# Ps-A

... Will show a list of all processes, their PID to the left and to the right name. If you want more information:

# Ps aux

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kill

kill: kill. Kill the process we indicate with PID:

# Kill

Sometimes the process does not "die" at all, but you can force the system to safely kill him as follows:

# Kill -9

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sudo

super-user do: do as root. The user account in Ubuntu is relatively normal.Administrator has rights to half. I mean, it does, but every time you do something important and risk to the system, it must be done by the prefix "sudo" and then typing the password.

For example, something we've done many times in the tutorials is to make a backup of the xorg.conf file. It is located in the / etc/X11 and that any user can make changes or delete anything if you are not an administrator or have rights as such, thanks to sudo. So we always did:

# Sudo cp / etc/X11/xorg.conf / etc/X11/xorg.conf

Whenever we need to make a apt-get/aptitude update or install and actions of this type, we have to put before the "sudo".

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passwd

password: password. With this command you can change the password for our account. First we asked the current password as a security measure. After you are prompted for twice the new password.

# Passwd

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its

super-user: root. By 'her' we loguearnos as superuser. After writing it will ask for the root password and we as administrator.

# Su

This command also allows you to login with a different account. For example, imagine we have another account, besides root and ours, called "guest". To login as such would be sufficient to:

# His guest

and then enter the password for that account.

sudo passwd

Thanks to the combination of these two commands can change the password for root (the super-user).

# Sudo passwd

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man

Manual: manual.'s another powerful commands in linux. Program or command is normally comes with a complete help file on their use and their arguments.When desconozcáis how it is used and what arguments have a command or application you only have to type in console:

# Man name

Sometimes the information you provide us man can become excessive. Almost all commands and applications accept the argument "- help" to display more summarized some help. For example with aptitude:

# Aptitude - help

EXPLORING THE FILE SYSTEM

The file system is the collection of the hierarchy of files and directories on your system. Among the main directories are:

/ Bin

/ Bin stands for binaries or executables. It is where the majority of essential system programs. Most (if not all) of the files in / bin have an asterisk (*) appended to their names. This indicates that they are executable files.

/ Dev

The files in / dev are known as device drivers (device drivers) and are used to access system devices and resources such as hard drives, modems, memory, etc..

/ Etc

/ Etc contains a number of system configuration files. These include / etc / passwd (the user database), / etc / rc (system initialization scripts, etc.).

/ Sbin

/ Sbin is used to store essential system programs that use the same administrator

.

/ Home

/ Home contains the home directories of users. For example, / home / user is the user directory. In a newly installed system, there will be no users in this directory.

/ Lib

/ Lib contains the shared library images. These files contain code that share many programs. Instead of each program containing its own copy of the shared routines, they are stored in a common location in / lib. This makes executable files smaller and saves space on disk.

/ Proc

proc is a "virtual file system". The files that are stored in memory, not on disk. They refer to various processes running on the system, and let you get information about what programs and processes are running at any given time.

/ Tmp

Many programs have a need to generate some information and store it in a temporary file. The location for these files is / tmp

/ Usr

/ Usr directory is very important. It contains a number of subdirectories in turn contain some of the most important and useful programs and configuration files used in the system.

The directories described above are essential if the system is operational, but most things that are in / usr are optional for the system. Anyway, are those optional things that make the system useful and interesting.

/ Var

/ Var holds directories that often change their size and tend to grow.

COMMAND LIST 

LINUX COMMANDS
1	ac	Prints statistics about how long users have been logged.
2	adduser	See useradd.
3	alias	Create shortcuts to commands, list current aliases.
4	apt-get	Tool actualizacón / remote installation packages on debian based systems.
5	arp	Lets get / manipulate the list of MAC addresses / IP that the system sees.
6	arping	Sends ARP REQUEST to other computers on the network.
7	arptables	Firewall iptables similar in function to control traffic but arp protocol.
8	at	Work program, commands, scripts for later execution.
9	atq	List scheduled jobs pending execution by the at command.
10	awk	Analysis and processing of patterns in files and listings.
11	basename	Delete the path name of a file.
12	bc	Calculator and mathematical language, very powerful.
13	biosdecode	Information on the BIOS.
14	blkid	Displays block device attributes (disks, usb, etc..) Such as LABEL and UUID, among others.
15	bzcat	Unzip zipped files and packaged using bzip2.
16	bzip2	Compressor / decompressor files.
17	bzmore	Allows you to view the contents of files using bzip2 compressed or packaged.
18	lime	Displays a calendar.
19	cat	Displays the contents of files and concatenate files.
20	CD	Change directory.
21	cfdisk	Disk partitioning tool, used mainly debian systems.
22	chage	Change the information (expiration, revocation, etc.) of a user's password.
23	chattr	Change extended attributes of files and directories
24	chfn	Change the information used in finger.
25	chgrp	Changes the group of a file (s) or folder (s).
26	chkconfig	Controls / query how services are running or not on startup.
27	chmod	Change the permissions on a file (s) or folder (s).
28	chown	Changes the owner of a file (s) or folder (s).
29	chpasswd	Upgrade passwords or passwords in batch mode. Passwords can update user groups.
30	chroot	Execute commands in a restricted shell root to a directory and its subdirectories.
31	chsh	Change your default shell or login shell.
32	cleanlinks	Cleans symlinks unrelated and also removes empty directories.
33	clear	Clean the terminal.
34	cmp	Compare two files byte by byte.
35	convertquota	Converts from the old formats and quota.group quota.user to new formats and aquota.group aquota.user.
36	cpio	Copy, create, and extract compressed files in different formats and across teams or locally.
37	crontab	Manage cron files for users and root.
38	curl	Allows you to download or transfer url's.
39	cut	Removes sections (columns mainly) of each line of a file or files.
40	date	Displays / sets the date and time.
41	dc	Interactive Calculator.
42	dd	Convert and copy files and file systems.
43	ddate	Displays the date Discordant calendar format.
44	df	Displays space usage of hard disks or partitions.
45	diff	Search and show differences between files.
46	dig	Utility for querying DNS servers.
47	dircolors	Color setup for ls.
48	dirs	To show or manipulate the list of directories used in the stack. (See popd and pushd)
49	dmesg	Displays messages system startup (boot).
50	dmidecode	List computer hardware BIOS directly. (Also: lshw)
51	dos2unix	Converts MS-DOS format to format Unix / Linux.
52	du	Displays space usage of files and directories.
53	dump	Allows you to create backups for ext2 and ext3.
54	Echo	Print a line of text, variables, or content to a file.
55	edquota	Manages disk quota control user and group.
56	egrep	Same as the command 'grep-E', to use regular expressions.
57	eject	Unmount and eject removable media such as CD-ROMs.
58	env	Run a program in a modified environment.
59	ethtool	Allows you to display or change values ​​of a network card.
60	exit	Exits the current shell or terminal.
61	expect	Create sequences of dialogues and interactive sessions scheduled with other commands or scripts.
62	export	Exports the value of a variable.
63	exportfs	Keeps a list of the type file systems that have been exported NFS.
64	expr	Mathematical expression evaluator.
65	factor	Find the primes of a given number.
66	fc	Add, edit and re-executes previously executed commands.
67	fdisk	Disk partitioning tool, common to almost all distros.
68	fgrep	It's like 'grep-F' to use regular expressions in file searches and listings.
69	file	Determines the file type.
70	find	File search, many search options.
71	findfs	Find a filesystem by UUID or LABEL (label).
72	findsmb	Lists information about devices that respond to SMB packets. List a Windows network. (Part of Samba)
73	finger	Displays information about the system users.
74	fortune	Prints a random adage.
75	fping	Lets send ICMP packets (pings) to multiple computers on a network and determine if they are alive or not.
76	free	Shows the used and free space of RAM and Swap.
77	fsck	Tool to verify / repair file systems.
78	fuser	Identify processes using files or connections (sockets).
79	gawk	Analysis and processing of patterns in files and listings. (Gnu version)
80	gcc	C Compiler and GNU C + +.
81	gedit	Gnome text editor.
82	gpasswd	Enables management of the file / etc / group
83	gpg	Tool generation encryption and security certificates (opengpg).
84	grep	Look for patterns of strings within files.
85	groupadd	Create a new group in the system.
86	groupdel	Removes a group in the system.
87	groupmod	Modifies a group on the system.
88	groups	Prints the groups to which a user belongs.
89	gzip	Compresses / expands files.
90	halt	Turn off the computer.
91	hdparm	Sets and displays features on the hard drives.
92	head	Displays the first lines of a file.
93	help	Help on bash internal commands.
94	history	Displays the user's command history.
95	host	Props to query DNS server host.
96	hostname	Displays the computer name.
97	htpasswd	Manage files of user / password for basic authentication of Apache.
98	hwclock	Shows / Sets the date / time changes or hardware. (Date / Time system date)
99	id	Displays the UID (User ID) and GID (Group ID) of the user
100	ifconfig	Displays / Configures the system's network interfaces.
101	ifstat	Small utility that allows you to observe statistics of network interfaces in real time.
102	init	Initialization control ejecucción level.
103	insmod	Insert modules into the kernel.
104	ipcalc	Perform simple calculations on IP addresses.
105	ipcount	Identifying ranges of network IP's calculation.
106	iptab	Displays an IP address table prefix according to CIDR
107	iptables	Firewall configuration tool for Linux.
108	iptraf	Network traffic analyzer in text mode.
109	iwconfig	Set a wireless network card.
110	iwlist	Gets detailed information about a wireless card.
111	jobs	Displays user jobs in suspension or background.
112	kate	KDE Text Editor.
113	kill	End processes, more correctly sends signals to processes.
114	killall	End processes with the same name or set.
115	last	Displays information of the last users logged.
116	lastb	Displays information for the failed attempts last logged.
117	less	Displays the contents of an archive, searchable and was back and forth movement.
118	ln	Create links (shortcuts) soft and hard of files and directories.
119	locale	Specific information about the local environment variables.
120	locate	Indexes and searches for files. Safer use slocate.
121	losetup	Defines and controls devices such as 'loop'.
122	lpq	Sample documents for printing in the print queue.
123	lpr	Add a document to the print queue.
124	ls	List files and directories.
125	lshw	List computer hardware BIOS directly. (Also: dmidecode)
126	lsmod	Displays the status of the modules in the kernel.
127	lsof	Displays open files in ejecucción program, or from a user, process, etc..
128	lspci	List pci devices in the system.
129	lsusb	List system usb devices.
130	Email	Send and receive email.
131	man	Displays the specified command manual.
132	mc	Archvivos Manager with mouse support in text mode, not every distro I have.
133	mcedit	Mc Text Editor.
134	md5sum	Check (and creates) certifying signature files md5.
135	mkdir	Create directories.
136	mkfs	Build a Linux file system.
137	mkpasswd	Password generator. (Program Package 'expect').
138	modinfo	Displays information about kernel modules.
139	modprobe	Tool to add / remove kernel modules.
140	more	Pager similar to but less funcioanal less as it comes forward and retocede.
141	mount	Monta storage fixture by partitions indicated.
142	mtools	Set of utilities to access DOS disks from Linux.
143	mv	Moves files and directories.
144	netstat	Network Utility showing connections, routing tables, interface statistics, etc..
145	nice	Run a program with a priority other than normal ejecucción.
146	nohup	Executes a program immune to hangups without access to a terminal.
147	openssl	Control, management, security certificate generation.
148	partprobe	Tells the operating system of the changes listed in / etc / fstab
149	passwd	Changes the specified user's password.
150	Ping	Sends a ECHO_REQUEST (echo request) to a computer on the network.
151	pkill	Send signals to processes based on their attributes.
152	popd	Removes entries (directories used) from the list of directories used in the stack. (See dirs and pushd)
153	pr	Format or convert text files for printing.
154	ps	Displays system processes or user or both.
155	pstree	Displays processes as a tree.
156	pushd	Adds entries (directories used) in the directory list (stack or stack).(See dirs and popd)
157	pwck	Verifies the integrity of the file / etc / passwd
158	pwconv	Add or sets the shadow protect the / etc / passwd.
159	quota	Enables the use of user fees.
160	quotacheck	Create, verify, manage disk quota systems
161	quotaoff	Disables disk quotas control.
162	quotaon	Active control disk quotas for users and groups.
163	rdesktop	Open graphics terminals has? Ia Windows computers.
164	reboot	Restart the computer.
165	renice	Change the priority of a process or program in ejecucción.
166	repquota	Report use of disk quotas.
167	resolveip	Solve the ip or host domain indicated.
168	rev	Reverses the lines of a file.
169	rm	Clears or deletes files.
170	route	Displays / changes the IP routing table.
171	rpm	Program installation / upgrade / removal of packages, redhat based distros.
172	runlevel	Displays the current run level of the system above.
173	scp	Copy files between computers, part of openssh (encrypted communication protocol).
174	screen	Manager virtual terminals.
175	thirst	Online Editor filters and transforms files.
176	service	Run / stop services in manual mode.
177	set	Displays or sets the environment variables for the user actuual.
178	sha1sum	Check (and creates) certification signed archives sha1.
179	shopt	Enable or disable optional variables shell behavior.
180	shred	Delete files securely and unrecoverable.
181	shutdown	Turn off or restart your computer.
182	sort	Sort lines of files and playlists
183	ss	Props like netstat but basic socket set fast listings.
184	ssh	Secure remote login program, openssh package program (encrypted communication protocol).
185	startx	X. logs
186	its	Change the current user indicated.
187	sudo	Allows user runs indicate that root commands.
188	sync	Forza memory blocks to disk, update the super block.
189	tac	Like cat, sample and / or concatenated files in reverse.
190	tail	Shows the end of a file.
191	tailf	Synonym tail-f command, allows real-time viewing the end of a file, ie as you type useful to monitor blogs.
192	tar	Tool Packing / compressing of files.
193	testparm	Check samba smb.conf file for errors or corrections.
194	time	Returns the time that you ran the indicated command or program.
195	top	Displays system processes interactively and continuously.
196	touch	Create empty files, change access dates and / or modification of files.
197	tput	Change values ​​or terminal capabilities, based on terminfo.
198	traceroute	Prints the route network packets to the destination.
199	tty	Print the name of the terminal on which this.
200	tzselect	Set an area or time zone.
201	umask	Sets permissions mask when creating directories and files.
202	umount	Unmount file systems.
203	unalias	Removes alias command, created with the alias command.
204	uname	Displays system information.
205	uniq	Omits or reports on repeated lines in a file or listing.
206	units	Converter units from one system to another, supports dozens of metrics.
207	up2date	Upgrade Tool / remote installation packages (used in redhat, centos).
208	uptime	Shows how long has turned on the computer.
209	urpme	Urpmi package program to uninstall or remove packages.
210	urpmi	Upgrade Tool / remote installation of packages rpm-based distros (used in mandriva).
211	useradd	Add users.
212	userdel	Removes users.
213	usermod	Modifies user information.
214	users	Displays the user names of all users currently connected to the system.
215	vi	Visual Editor screen, text editor, you find in all Linux distros.
216	vim	Like the saw but improved.
217	visudo	Editor for the configuration file / etc / sudoers sudo.
218	vmstat	Provides virtual memory information.
219	w	Shows who is connected to the system and you are doing.
220	wall	Send a message to all terminals.
221	warnquota	Configure / etc / warnquota.conf to complement messages for disk quotas.
222	wc	Account words, lines, characters of a file or listing.
223	wget	File Downloader from the Internet and not interactive.
224	whatis	Short description in a command line or program.
225	whereis	Locate the binary, source and / or libraries, and documentation of a comado.
226	Which	Shows the full path of a command.
227	who	Shows who is connected to the system.
228	whoami	Displays the current user.
229	xhost	Access control for X sessions
230	xkill	Kills or ends an X client, ie a graphics program.
231	yes	Prints a string repeatedly until terminated or killed the command.
232	yum	Upgrade Tool / remote installation of packages rpm-based distros (used in fedora, redhat and derivatives).
233	zcat	Unzip / sample files compressed with gunzip (identical to gunzip-c)
234	zenity	Displays various types of dialogues in X from a terminal.
235	zless	Display content archives.
236	bzmore	Display content archives.